1	Tsunamis By Sophie & lingzis (Nov-Dec, 2004)
2	What is Tsunamis A tsunami is made up of a series of traveling ocean waves of extremely long wavelength. They are triggered by large disturbances such as earthquakes, undersea volcanic eruptions or deep sea landslides. A tsunami is not one wave, but a series of waves.
3	The categories of tsunamis Local tsunamis: generate by submarine or subaerial landslides or volcanic explosions Regional tsunamis (most often): Destruction may be limited in areal extent; Pacific-wide tsunamis (much less frequent, greater destructive potential) waves larger initially, in transit across the Pacific basin, many distant coastal areas are subject to destructive impact.
4	How do Tsunamis form？ A tsunami is gravity waves as a result of a large-scale disturbance of sea level over a short duration of time. A tsunami can be generated by: submarine volcanic eruptions; displacement of submarine sediments; coastal landslides into a bay or harbor; meteor impact; vertical displacement of the earth's crust along a zone of fracture which underlies or borders the ocean floor;
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6	How do earthquakes generate tsunamis? Panel 1—Initiation: the earthquake rupture occurred at the base of the continental slope in relatively deep water or beneath the continental shelf in much shallower water Panel 2—Split: Within several minutes, the initial tsunami is split into a distant tsunami and a local tsunami; The height above mean sea level of the two oppositely traveling tsunamis is about half that of the original tsunami .
7	How do earthquakes generate tsunamis? Panel 3--Amplification: Several things happen as the local tsunami travels over the continental slope. Most obvious is that the amplitude increases. In addition, the wavelength decreases. This results in steepening of the leading wave Panel 4—Runup: As the tsunami wave travels from the deep-water, continental slope region to the near-shore region, tsunami runup occurs. Runup is a measurement of the height of the water onshore observed above a reference sea level.
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9	How do others generate tsunamis? Submarine landslides: disturb the overlying water column, rock slump downslope, be redistributed across the sea floor; submarine volcanic eruption: create an impulsive force that uplifts the water column and generates a tsunami; meteor impact: disturb the water from above, as momentum from falling debris is transferred to the water into which the debris falls.
10	How do Tsunami move? How fast? depends on the depth of water, they travel at speeds of 500 to 1,000 kilometers per hour They can move from one side of the Pacific Ocean to the other in less than a day. How Big? Offshore and coastal features can determine the size and impact of tsunami waves. water level can risen to more than 50 feet for distant origin and over 100 feet for near the earthquake's epicenter.
11	How Frequent?
12	The hazards of tsunami
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14	Tsunami Warning System The Tsunami Warning System (TWS) in the Pacific is comprised of 26 Member States. Functions: 1.monitoring seismological and tidal stations 2. disseminating tsunami warning information. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) is the operational center of the Pacific TWS. PTWC provides tsunami warning information to national authorities in the Pacific Basin.
15	simulation model of Tsunami
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17	The MOST (Method of Splitting Tsunami)
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20	Tsunami 2004